Ketamin

Zusammenfassung

Ein kurz wirkendes dissoziatives Anästhetikum und Halluzinogen, das häufig in der Notfallmedizin eingesetzt wird. Es ist das prototypische Dissoziativum und wird in subanästhetischen Dosen weit verbreitet recreational verwendet. Kleine Dosen sind mit Alkohol vergleichbar, während größere Dosen immobilisierend wirken und zu psychedelischen Erfahrungen führen: dem "K-Hole."

Dosierung

Nasal

Hinweis: HINWEIS: Die Dosierung von Ketamin basiert auf dem Gewicht. Diese Angaben gelten für einen durchschnittlichen 68 kg schweren Mann. Es gibt keine feste Dosis für das "K-Hole", da jeder Nutzer unterschiedlich ist.

Wirkungsverlauf

• Wirkdauer: 1-2 Stunden
• Nachwirkungen: 1-2 Stunden

Wirkungen

• Ein Gefühl von Betrunkenheit und Wohlbefinden bei niedrigen Dosen
• Mit steigender Dosis kann der Benutzer eine Abkopplung von seinem Körper verspüren
• Bei 'khole'-Dosen kann der Benutzer vollständig von Körper und Geist abgekoppelt werden

Kombinationen

Wechselwirkungen mit anderen Substanzen. Mischkonsum erhöht immer das Risiko.

Subjektive Wirkungen (PsychonautWiki)

• Acuity suppression
• Amnesia
• Analysis enhancement
• Anxiety suppression
• Auditory distortion
• Auditory enhancement
• Auditory hallucinations
• Auditory suppression
• Autonomous entities
• Compulsive redosing
• Conceptual thinking
• Consciousness disconnection
• Déjà vu
• Depersonalization
• Derealization
• Disinhibition
• Dizziness
• Double vision
• Environmental cubism
• Environmental orbism
• External hallucinations
• Frame rate suppression
• Geometry
• Immersion enhancement
• Information processing suppression
• Internal hallucinations
• Memory suppression
• Motor control loss
• Nausea
• Pattern recognition suppression
• Perception of decreased weight
• Personal bias suppression
• Perspective alterations
• Perspective distortions
• Physical autonomy
• Physical euphoria
• Scenarios and plots
• Scenery slicing
• Settings, sceneries, and landscapes
• Spontaneous tactile sensations
• Subconscious communication
• Suggestibility enhancement
• Synaesthesia
• Tactile disconnection
• Tactile suppression
• Thought deceleration
• Time distortion
• Unity and interconnectedness
• Visual disconnection
• Visual sliding

Quellen

• Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model ps.. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143730
• The effect of ketamine on opioid-induced acute tolerance: can it explain reduction of opioid consumption with ketamine-opioid analgesic combinations - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11094005
• Subanesthetic ketamine infusion therapy: a retrospective analysis of a novel therapeutic approach to complex regional pain syndrome - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15367304
• Effects of ketamine on precipitated opiate withdrawal - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16963828
• Low-dose ketamine with multimodal postcesarean delivery analgesia: a randomized controlled trial - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224020
• Chronic ketamine exposure induces permanent impairment of brain functions in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23145560
• GLYX-13, a NMDA receptor glycine-site functional partial agonist, induces antidepressant-like effects without ketamine-like side effects - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23303054
• From "Special K" to "Special M": the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421859
• Daily oral ketamine for the treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care: a 28-day open-label proof-of-concept trial - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23805864
• Brain damages in ketamine addicts as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23882190
• Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23982301
• Are sexes affected differently by ketamine? An exploratory study in ketamine users - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106975
• Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: do the psychoactive effects matter - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480515
• The absolute bioavailability of racemic ketamine from a novel sublingual formulation - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24977293
• The mood stabilizer lithium potentiates the antidepressant-like effects and ameliorates oxidative stress induced by acute ketamine in a mouse model.. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25548109
• The promise of ketamine for treatment-resistant depression: current evidence and future directions - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25649308
• Antidepressants do not increase the lethality of ketamine in mice - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6849728
• Effect of ketamine, an NMDA receptor inhibitor, in acute and chronic orofacial pain - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7659431
• Ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations after i.v., nasal and rectal administration in children - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881626
• Tissue distribution of ketamine in a mixed drug fatality - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9397567
• [From the racemate to the eutomer: (S)-ketamine. Renaissance of a substance?] - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9451486
• Chronic abuse has led to a case of kidney and liver damage http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24982568
• ketamine in the hospital setting can raise blood pressure and is something to be considered when using it: "Emergency care in the streets"
• Ketamine shows promise in treating suicidal ideation in patients with depression - http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(09)00519-8/abstract